Mountaineering terms and nouns

Alpine climbing:

A kind of mountaineering activity that does not rely on other people and is totally or mainly dependent on the climber's own strength to climb various peaks. It is named after the early activities of mountaineering in the Alps. After the 1920s, it was gradually replaced by pyramid-shaped mountain climbing. Since the 1970s, it has gradually recovered and developed. May 1978 Italian alpinist Rheinholt. Messner and Peter. For the first time, Haberel did not use oxygen to board Mount Everest. August 1980 Rhineholt. Messner once again climbed Mount Everest without oxygen from the 6400-meter-high camp, creating a new approach to the development of this form of mountaineering.

Technical Mountaineering:

A mountain climbing activity that specializes in climbing cliffs with skilled climbing techniques and various technical equipment. From the end of the 19th century to the early 1970s, the north-west routes of the world’s three most difficult alpine peaks (Mada Holon, Eger, and Gulant. Jórath) have been National climbers conquer. Since the 1980s, with the continuous improvement of various equipment used to climb steep cliffs, this type of mountaineering has drawn from the low mountain areas of Europe to high mountain areas in Asia.

protection:

Mountaineering terms. One of the safety measures. It is an important part of mountaineering technology. Mainly self-protection and mutual protection. The former refers to relying on their own protection measures to do their own protection. If you can rely on behind the protection of things (such as protruding rocks or playing rock cones) to fix their own ropes and so on. The latter refers to various protective measures that are carried out between players and players when climbing dangerously dangerous areas such as rocky areas or ice-breaking areas. The most basic methods are "vertical" and "sitting" two protection methods.

Peaking:

Mountaineering terms. Refers to the impact on the summit after climbing the mountain and getting ready for a series of summits such as adaptive training, transportation, and construction. Success or failure is mainly based on two factors: the physical and mental state of the person; the weather is good or bad. According to statistics from the 1950s, mountain climbing teams in various countries in the Himalaya alpine climbing activities suffered from poor weather due to poor weather, accounting for 68% of all failures.

Single attack:

With a single mountain as the target, the summit will be lowered along the original road.

Mountaineering tourism:

A non-peak travel tour. Mountaineers enthusiastically carry necessary mountaineering food and equipment to enter the mountainous region to watch the peaks and ridges, conduct photography and collect specimens. In the early 1970s, it rose with the development of mountaineering.

Mountain camp:

The camp for the climbers to meet the needs of rest and transportation supplies. When climbing a peak above 5,500 meters above sea level, there are generally two types of "base camp" and "middle camp". The former is the headquarters and logistical supply terminal for a mountaineering event, and is also the main camp where the climbers undergo a rest before the assault after undergoing an adaptive march. Location requirements: Safety (no floods, rolling stones, ice avalanches), easy access to the target's route, easy access to water, shelter from wind, long exposure, flat terrain, contact with nearby towns by car. The latter is mainly set for the climber to adapt to the special environment of high mountains (anoxia, etc.). In the process of raising, it can gradually adapt to the basic requirements of the environment for human organs and transportation supplies. The distance between the camps is moderate. In some countries, when climbing the Everest, most of the country's mountaineering teams established six camps. The heights were approximately 5,300 meters (base camp), 6,100 meters (camp 1,), 6,400 meters (camp 2,), and 6,900 meters (camp 3). ), 7400 meters (camp 4), 7900 meters (camp 5) and 8500 meters (camp 6).

Low pressure cabin:

A device for testing and exercising mountaineers' anoxia tolerance. Not completely closed cells, relying on the suction device caused by the cabin under the condition of hypobaric hypoxia, and can be adjusted to the number of kilometers or 10,000 meters above the simulated "top air" pressure. Mountaineers can test their ability to withstand anaerobic stress through the time spent in the low pressure cabin and measure their ability to climb. In general, low-pressure cabins can also be used as a means to exercise hypoxia tolerance.

mountain sickness:

Also known as "Alpine Adaptation Insufficiency." The general term for various clinical manifestations caused by the lack of adaptability of the human body to the hypoxia environment. The main symptoms are dizziness, headache, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, rapid pulse and breathing, numbness of the extremities, and serious coma. Symptoms can be relieved by inhalation of oxygen. Can be divided into high altitude response, high mountain edema, alpine coma, high mountain hypertension, high altitude polycythemia, high mountain heart disease, chronic alpine insufficiency mixed type seven.

reaction to high altitudes:

Mountaineering terms. During the rapid entry into high mountain areas or during periods of high-altitude mountain life, headaches, palpitations, and shortness of breath caused by hypoxia can not be fully accommodated, collectively referred to as “alpine reactions”. Without organic damage, it usually recovers in a week or so, and there are also a few who have sustained it. For more than three months, it is called "chronic alpine reaction."

Climbing rope:

Mountaineering equipment. There are two main ropes and auxiliary ropes. The length of the main rope is 60--100 meters, its diameter is about 10 millimeters, its weight per meter is about 0. 08 kilograms, and its tensile strength requirement is not less than 1,800 kilograms. In the past, it was made of jute and nylon fiber was used as raw material. There is also a master rope with a diameter of 8-9 mm, weight of 0. 06 kg per meter, tensile strength of not less than 1,600 kg, used to climb steeply-cracked rock walls. The length of the auxiliary rope is determined according to the activity requirements of each region. There is no uniform specification. The rope diameter is 6--7mm, the weight per meter is not more than 0.04kg, and the tensile strength is not less than 1,200kg. The raw material is the same as the main rope. It is used for self-protection and the use of various auxiliary knots for protection on the main ropes, as well as the use of rope bridges to cross rivers, and the use of haulage ropes to transport supplies.

Iron lock:

Mountaineering equipment. There are more than ten models. Commonly used are D-shaped, Alan-shaped, O-shaped and mixed-shaped four. Another safety ring lock and drop dedicated lock. It is widely used, such as grouping, protection, crossing rivers, climbing, ambulances, and transporting wounded people. Made of steel or aluminum alloy, the tensile strength is 1800 kg.

Hanging ladder:

Mountaineering equipment. It is used to climb rock walls or ice walls with a lack of natural fulcrums and steep terrain. There are three kinds of ladders, short ladders and small hanging ladders. The ladders are generally 5 meters long. The ladders are made of thin steel wires that are joined together (requiring tensile strength of about 2,000 kilograms). The ladder beams (that is, beams) are made of hollow aluminum tubes (requiring tensile strength of about 300 kilograms). The distance between the two ladder beams is 30--50 cm. Two long ladders can be connected to each other from either end. They are used to climb over 7,000 meters or 8,000 meters above the steeply-rising ice wall and slopes. And crack area. The short ladders are generally 1 - 1. 50 meters long. The ladders are constructed with auxiliary ropes. The ladder beams are 12 cm long, 3 cm wide and 3 - 5 mm thick are made of aluminum sheet. The distance between the ladder beams is 50 cm. . Small ladders generally have only two ladder beams, and sometimes three special ladder beams form the same as short ladders. Nearly they are also made of soft nylon ladders, which are more lightweight.

lift:

Mountaineering equipment. Used to climb steep rock walls. There are two kinds of risers and downers. The ascent device was originally a tool used by the German Army squadron to climb the rock wall and the ice wall. It was called JUMAR and it was also called the "Halmatian type riser." Only one person first climbs the rock wall, and the successor can use it to climb upwards. In the aftermath of the Second World War, with the continuous improvement of alpinism, alpinists gradually became important self-protection devices for mountain climbers of all countries to pass through dangerous areas. There are many types such as hooks and slices. The descender is a lightweight device for descending along vertical steep walls (rock, stone, or ice). There are a variety of 8-shaped, double-ring type.

Oxygen equipment:

Mountaineering equipment. It is used to rescue peaks above 8,000 meters above sea level or various mountain diseases caused by oxygen deficient mountaineering. It consists of cylinders, masks, gas pipelines, flow regulators, barometers and back frames.

Rope knot:

One of the means to play a rope role in mountaineering. There are more than thirty kinds of styles, there are mainly six kinds of commonly used: (1) Hummer deduction. Internationally known as the "Brink knot" for protection and self-protection. (2) Through the knot. For protection and self-protection, or fixing ropes. (3) Grab the knot. When used to protect the climbers, and to cross the river to take the rope bridge, tighten the ropes on the cross points. (4) Horse knots. Also called "double knot". When climbing a steep rock wall, use it with a knot. For climbing on both feet. (5) Flat knot. Used to connect two ropes. (6) Intertwined. Use and flat end.

Group:

One of the important safety measures for mountaineering and hiking. According to the team members’ gender, age, physical strength, physical fitness, and mountaineering experience, skill level, and ability to handle sudden events, they are organized into small groups that are easy to use for strong and weak and safe mountaineers, and they have organized and mountaineering experience. The team leader. When the terrain is complex and dangerous, ropes or other protective measures must be used to ensure the safety of the organization.

Rock climbing competition:

Mountaineering competitions. There are four singles: individual singles, double doubles, collective climbs and self-selection routes. The advocacy began to develop gradually in the 1950s and the 1960s. In 1974, it officially became an international athletic sports event. In the same year, it began to hold an international rock climbing championship. It will be held once every two years thereafter.

Slope difficulty level:

Classification of climbing difficulty. Divided into three levels: (1) easy. A hill that can be climbed with only two feet. (2) It's slightly harder. In addition to feet, it is still necessary to use both hands to climb the hillside. (3) Difficult. In addition to the limbs, a variety of ropes and climbing equipment are still required to climb the hillside. From the second level, climbers must have certain mountain common sense and master basic techniques for climbing, such as three-shots, zigzag climbing, and special terrain climbing.

Traction crossing method:

Mountain climbing sports technical terms. One of the basic technologies. It is mainly used in rivers where the mountain stream is at the front end, the water depth, and the tip of the river, the water temperature is low and the river is not very wide. First tying the traction rope to the tree at one end of the river, one person wading or bypassing the road and upstream to cross the river, and fix the other end of the rope to the lower trunk or the ground on the other side of the river. The successor will slide on the traction rope with a pulley or iron lock. Cross the river.

The three northern walls:

A mountain climbing route with three dangerous peaks in the Alps. They are (1) Matterhorn (4478 meters above sea level). Located in the Alps on the Italian-Swiss border, the vertical height of the north wall is 1,100 meters, and the elevation is 3,400-4,478 meters. The average slope is 55-60 degrees with an ice-snow slope. (2) Goulant. The Grandesorasses (4208 m above sea level). The vertical height of the North Wall is 1,200 meters and the altitude is 3,000 - 4,200 meters. The average slope is 70 degrees - 80 degrees throughout the entire course. (3) Eiger (3,970 meters above sea level), with a vertical height of 1800 meters on the north wall, an altitude of 3,000-4,208 meters, and an average slope of 70 degrees. It is an internationally recognized three difficult climbing course.

Three-point fixing method:

Mountain climbing technology terms. The most important and basic method of climbing safety when climbing a steep slope in mountaineering. When climbing steeper rock cliffs, the hands and feet form four supporting points of human force. Three of them are used in turn to keep them temporarily fixed on the rock surface, and to move upwards by one hand or one foot.

Three-shot method:

Mountain climbing technology terms. The basic method when climbing steep and snowy slopes. If climbing on harder slopes, follow three steps: (1) Hold both sides of the ice picks with both hands and horizontally, and insert the bottom nails into the slope snow. (2) The surface of the snow was broken with a sharp tip to form a fulcrum. (3) Lift up another foot and break the surface of another part of snow to form a fulcrum. Stepping on a three-step step to form a contour-like footwork gradually climbs up, hence the name "three beats."

Adaptability march:

In mountaineering, it refers to mountain climbing activities that increase adaptability. When climbing high mountains above 6,000 meters above sea level, due to the large difference in elevation, various human bodies cannot immediately adapt to the environment of high altitude and oxygen, and it is difficult to climb from the base camp to the top. In general, more methods are used to adapt to the increase. For example, starting from a base camp of 4,000-5,000 meters, after several marches to a height of 6,000--7,000 meters and a certain degree of adaptation, it is raised from the base camp to more than 8,000 meters to meet the high altitude. Highly oxygen-free environment.

Danger in the mountains:

Mountaineering terms. Dangers encountered during mountaineering. There are two general categories: natural hazards and human hazards. The former refers to various dangers that nature poses to mountaineers. Such as rockfalls, avalanches, ice collapses, ice cracks, mountain rapids, flooding, strong winds, heavy snow, low temperatures, clouds, and lightning. This type of danger often causes death to the climber. The latter students have to point out that climbers are not familiar with the law of natural changes in the mountains, or lack of falling into ice cracks (or under the ice cliff), and some have caused major casualties in order to cause avalanches and rolling stones.

avalanche:

A large number of snow suddenly collapsed in the mountains. From the snow itself, the weight of the wind, the friction between the new and old snow cover, the melting of the snow bottom, the sudden rise in temperature, and earthquakes, snowstorms, etc. Generally occurs in the slope between 25 degrees -40 degrees. The climber strayed into the avalanche area. Cutting off the balance of the snow surface can also lead to an avalanche.

Snow blindness:

A kind of mountain sickness. Ultraviolet rays in the sun cause damage to the eye caused by strong reflections on the snow surface. The swelling of the two eyes that the patient began to suffer was still difficult, and the Light, tears, and unclear vision were seen; long-term exposure to UV rays was visible in front of the eyes, and temporarily affected vision seriously, and they were mistaken for “blindness”. Mountaineers and workers on the snow-covered mountain plateau are susceptible to the disease. Equipped with protective goggles that can filter ultraviolet rays, can play a preventive role.

Snowline:

The dividing line between the snow-covered area and the snow melting area in the summer. Its height generally varies according to the latitude of each region. For example, the average elevation of the Alps in western Europe is 2,500 meters; the average height of the Tianshan Mountains in China is 4,400 meters above sea level; the altitude of the Himalayas near the Chinese side of Mount Everest is 5,600 meters above sea level.

Snow Cave:

A campsite artificially dug on snow slopes in mountaineering. Most of the steep slopes, strong wind, not suitable for the construction of tents on the deep snow slope excavation. It can be sheltered from the wind and warm and comfortable than the tent.

Crossing:

Take the ridgeline as the climbing route, or climb the hill near the ridge line.

Vertical walk:

Even take a long-range mountaineering trail from the same mountain system.

Zigzag climbing method:

Mountain climbing technology terms. When climbing steep slopes, gravel slopes, or ice slopes, the climbing method used to reduce the difficulty and slip hazards caused by a straight climb. Due to the meandering serpentine line, it resembles the word "zhi", hence the name.