Professor Robert WG Hunt Professor Robert WG Hunt, the most famous contemporary colorist in the UK, was invited by the Institute of Optoelectronics of the Industrial Technology Research Institute from September 4 to 5, 2006 for the Taiwan Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display Industry Association. "Image Application Technology" Color Scienc and Image Application lecture, at this rare opportunity to face-to-face with the internationally renowned British color science master, watching this scientist perform realistically on the principles of color, doing a lot of color and imaging performance like At the same time, the magical skills were also confirmed by Professor Kant ’s teaching of “Keep learning and tirelessnessâ€. Prof. Hant has been writing a doctorate for nearly 60 years, and has continued to write professionally. He strives to improve his professionalism. At noon, he has the honor to dine with the master. His approachable style also makes people feel warm.
The author's respect for Professor Hant was even around 1950. At that time, Dr. Hant worked in the color laboratory of Kodak Company. Kodak published a series of color books related to color and image reproduction. It is the most content and exquisite. Color reproduction template. When my father, Mr. Chen Gengbin, began to study color photography in 1951 and 52, a lot of color knowledge came from this series of books. In 1958, the author entered the printing industry as an apprentice. I was fortunate to read this series by Professor Hant More than ten series of books have been written, which can be said to have endless benefits. Like a book titled Colors as See and Photograph, it describes four basic modes of color "absorption, refraction (dispersion), and changes. "Surface" has made the printing industry only use absorbent pigments for color expression for many years, and has been curious and expecting other pigment-free color expression methods. Today there are many cold and hot gold foils made by interference waves. This is accomplished by using very fine interference waves to finely groove groove stripes. Color Separation was the most urgently used in research and development at the time, using cameras, filters and color correction films to understand and learn color correction and color separation work, including the best Magenta Masking at the time, which had been bleached. The silver salt dry board uses Magenta magenta dye as a method of dyeing the trimming film, but the author did not complete it. The process of Dye Transfer color dyeing printing method, and the printing of color separation and composite CMY three-color dye images, the formation of color photo paper images has remained unchanged for almost a hundred years. This printing method has only been used for nearly 50 years. It gives the printing color separators the greatest process enlightenment, because only the final imaging part, Dye Transfer converts the color separation film to the color separation film, dyes it and transfers it to the receiving photo paper, and the printing process is necessary. The color printing can be obtained only after printing the screen and printing. Kodak ’s series of color and photography applications were my biggest enlightenment teachers in color separation. Nearly 50 years later, he was able to listen and talk face to face with Professor Hante, one of the authors. cause.
Professor Hant currently has The Reproduction of Colour color reproduction (sixth edition) and Measuring Colour color measurement (third edition), two books are representative works. Professor Han Te is not only a book writer, but also full of world. He often participates in the measurement, performance and standard formulation of many chromatics. For example, he is still teaching in research institutes and universities today. He retired from the Kodak R & D unit in 1978 and is still in color. And non-stop research on the basis and application of imaging. The topic of this lecture can be seen in the above two books, published by the British Wiley-is & T Series in Imaging Science and Technology company.
The first visual system (The Visual System)
Visible light spectrum color rendering
Color science is derived from the light source, the subject and the human visual system. In color science, we need color spectrums, and these color spectrums are like the color spectrum of the rainbow hanging on the sky. Violet light slightly shorter than 400nm to green light at 500nm up to red light at 700nm or a little longer is a complete color spectrum in human vision. A nanometer is equal to the negative nineth power of one meter, that is, the negative third power is mm, the negative sixth power is µm micrometer, and the negative nineth power (one billionth) is nm (nanometer). The spectral distribution of red light is only strong energy after 550nm, red light below 500nm contains little energy. However, the spectrum of natural and artificial color light is not as smooth as imagined. On the visual system, the two appear to be the same color, and there may be considerable differences in the color gamut spectrum. However, the metamerism phenomenon of metamerism has also caused color reproduction and humans. Vision, under the change of the light source, sometimes has the same color, sometimes it seems different colors. Humans use light to receive light and images. Retina omentum is the basic sensory layer for light imaging. For continuous images imaged on the omentum, the optic nerve of the brain still has to do a lot of compensation, combination, and simulation to make vision necessary. Identify, react and store. In the visual fossa at the bottom of the eyeball, only 0.5mm in size is covered with hundreds of optic nerve and light receptors, which uses microelectronic signals to transmit information. Color recognition depends on the role of different color pigment tissues at the bottom of the retinal layer. It can avoid the refraction and diffusion of strong light on the omentum. A total of 6 million visual nerve cones (pyramids) are resolving color, and 100 million visual nerve rods are resolving image shapes. One million units of the nervous system are used to transmit information so that the cones can have a color sense. The rod-shaped body receives only the strong and weak signals of light, and there is no sense of color. The electronic signal transmitted by the omentum is about 70m Volt, which is maintained at a certain voltage level of 0.07V, and the signal change is maintained by the frequency change. In the retina, the pyramidal cone is the most P-optic cone, which is sensitive to long-wavelength red light, accounting for most of the optic cone, 2 times the r optic cone and 20 times the β optic cone, so the P optic nerve is the image composition The cone is the main body, supplemented by the r optic cone, the β optic cone is small in number, and the refraction angle in the eye optical system is large, and the focus is not accurate. On the cross section of the human retina, the most outwards are 1. Optic nerve fibers, 2. Nerve knots, 3. Connected tissues, 4. Optic nerve rods, photosensitive parts of the optic cone, 5. The back is pigment discrimination and anti-reflection, glare Layer, so the nerve fibers and nerve nodes that transmit signals structurally face the front of the eyeball. There are different light spectrum distributions in the three-color sensitive nerve cones. These three-color signals are very similar to the color signals used in television today. Because the main wave is a signal that mixes 2P waves + 1r waves and (1/20) β waves, it is a lightness signal, mainly forming an overall black and white picture, and the Pr signal is a red to green signal, representing a to a in Lab. The horizontal axis signal, another yellow to blue signal from P + r-2β, represents b to b-signals in Lab. Such a color image is composed of black and white images of lightness signals as the main body, forming a to a- And the b to b-color signals form a three-dimensional spatial representation of the overall color, which becomes more simple on the signal, and the composition image is relatively sharp and vivid, (Editor's Note: In fact, the CCD camera we use today has a light-sensitive green G or Y pixels account for one-half and constitute the main body of the image shape, and red R pixels and blue B pixels each account for one-fourth. They are combined when the image is formed to form a new calculated image.) Three signal patterns replace three The average signal of the colored optic cone (pyramid) is like a two-dimensional east-west, north-south direction on the map, plus the contour surface from the sea level up or down to the depth of the seabed and seabed, forming a three-dimensional three-dimensional The principle of labeling is the same. If you reduce the brightness in color, you can often get a deeper color perception. This kind of technology is used in the visual system and TV video. On the one hand, it can improve the sharpness of the image, and on the other hand, it can make other red-green than the main signal. The yellow-blue signal is greatly reduced, which results in better transmission efficiency.
The image on the retina must be processed by vision.
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Section 2 uses light sources and spectrophotometry
Many objects in the world do not emit light by themselves, and there must be a light source for illumination, otherwise the scenery, green trees, and red flowers cannot be seen in the dark night. The TV screen itself has a luminous body, so it can show color and light without external light. The image comes. In artificial light sources, there are quite different spectrums from sunlight, such as hot tungsten filament lights and colored lights emitted by current pulses of various gases, all with different spectral distribution characteristics. A piece of red paper can give enough red spectrum under the sunlight or under tungsten filament light to show its red paper reflection spectrum distribution area. If a purple flower can show its purple enough under the sunlight The color spectrum, but placed under a tungsten filament light, becomes dark and colorless, because the tungsten filament light does not provide enough or little light spectrum of blue-violet light, so it cannot show the color characteristics of purple flowers. Many light sources come from the radiant light generated by the glowing body, such as sunlight, flame or hot tungsten wire, and some are black-body Planckian Radiators. From the temperature of 500K, only infrared radiation occurs, and there is no visible light, only the heat is felt, 2000K Some visible light, 3000K is more red light, less blue-violet light, 5600K is more average, 10000K is less red light than blue-violet light, and 20,000K is a larger proportion of blue-violet and ultraviolet light, so the color temperature is the temperature at which the black body emits light The same proportion of colored light is called Color Temperature. The solar energy, which is closely related to human beings, has a surface temperature of millions of degrees. The color temperature of the sun ’s surface is about 5800 ° K. Under the change of the atmosphere and clouds on the earth, the color temperature becomes about 5500 ° K. However, if The color temperature changes greatly under the influence of thickening clouds or other clouds. Because the earth has an atmosphere to refract sunlight, it looks like a blue planet in the universe, and the average color temperature on the earth is 5630 ° K. In oblique sunlight, the color temperature will drop very low due to the angle of refraction, with a yellow-orange color. The light spectrum in daylight C is the closest to the D65 light spectrum set by CIE, and is called D light source. The other D75 light source is (7504K) indoor high blue light, which is used to distinguish yellow paints and pigments. D65 (6504K) is widely used indoors, and white paper detection is more sensitive than D55. D55 (5503K) uses sunlight and sky blue light, which is very suitable for photographic color reproduction. D50 (5003K) is indoor warm white light, and the printing industry prefers D-50 color light to interpret color reproduction. For some artificial light sources, the color spectrum distribution is not only uneven, but sometimes only a very narrow spectrum, like low-pressure mercury sodium gas lamp, only emits light in a narrow range between 595nm and 600nm, so the light spectrum is very narrow, not suitable for doing Interpret the color of the light source. Fluorescent lamps are coated with different phosphors, and their luminescence spectrum is also very uneven. There are many narrow-frequency convex appearances. Due to the considerable difference in luminescence spectrum, the phenomenon of metamerism will often occur. Under different light sources, sometimes the colors appear the same and sometimes they are different. If you use a tungsten filament lamp with a lower color temperature and a blue dichroic reflector, the entire luminescence spectrum and the D50 have a very similar complete color development, which is rarely simulated by light sources. Mercury lamp plus iodine can improve the spectrum of light close to natural light, but there is still a distance, but the luminous spectrum of Xenon xenon lamp is very similar to the distribution of natural light. It used to be used as the original lighting source for photographic color separation and scanning color separation. The car lights also use HID xenon lamps as the light source. LED (Light Emitting Diodes) has a narrow light spectrum with a width of only 40nm. It uses blue, turquoise and red light to make traffic signs, luminous display plates, car lights and future lighting. It has long life, low heat and high power. Benefits and other advantages, if the LED is added with phosphorus compounds, it can produce ultraviolet UV light LED. In addition, the change of the viewing angle and the angle of the light source has a great influence on the color interpretation. Like the matte color scale of Macbeth, the same color performance can be seen from the angle of 45 ° to 20 ° and 10 °, but the color scale of the bright side after copying It performs well at 45 ° and 30 ° angles. If it is illuminated at 20 ° and 10 ° angles, a large amount of reflective color changes will occur. Therefore, some evaluations of light source angle and color reproduction must be handled with great care, so the amount of color The light projection angle of the probe and the color sample extraction angle must be carefully arranged. Fluorescent paint or dye is a substance that can change ultraviolet light into visible light. It has an effect on improving the reflection of purple and blue light on paper. If it is added to pink ink, it can also greatly improve the reflection effect on the orange-red region. The measuring instrument also has a spectral measurement at an angle of 0/45 ° for measuring color samples.
Section 3 Color Matching (Colour Matching)
Professor Hant made magenta from R + B
First of all, Professor Hant did the experiment of color residual phenomenon, and said that there are still quite a lot of visual factors. In the deployment of colors, people with color blindness will not be able to do the job. This kind of color blindness gene inherited from the maternal lineage has full Color blindness, partial color blindness, or color blindness due to incomplete pigments and pigments, but women with color blindness genes have only one-fifth to one-tenth of the population with color blindness, while men are five times and ten times higher than women. The difference above the ratio. Since there are only P cone, r cone and β cone, three distributions of light spectrum are received visually, sometimes when the same color is judged, the same color heterogeneous phenomenon still occurs, and some color samples are wide spectrum. Some colors with a very narrow spectrum are sometimes classified as the same color in human visual evaluation, but there are different spectrums. The colors look different under different color temperature of light sources. The commonly used R, G, and B filters are the three-color filters of Wyden W25 (R), W57 (G), and W47 (B). The color matching theory is based on the horseshoe color gamut XYZ space, and the triangle R, G, B coordinate, go to the measurement, adjust again if there is deviation, if R = 8, G = 48, B = 24, the total amount is 80%, R = 10%, G = 60% and B = 30 % Ratio, so sometimes blue-green still has 10% red to promote the increase of color brightness, so the color matching method is not exactly the same as vision, because vision uses 2P + r + (1/20) B wave energy as the main image brightness The configuration is not the same as the triangular R, G, B rationalized configuration, so it cannot be used in a comprehensive manner.
Section 4 (The X, Y, Z System)
Tell about the ratio of RGB spectrum, conversion to XYZ color gamut performance and how to calculate, assuming X + Y + Z = 1, X = X / (X + Y + Z), Y = Y / (X + Y + Z), Z = Z / (X + Y + Z), in the additive color method, especially the color reproduction of TV, is the way of using this system to describe the color of each pixel.
XYZ horseshoe blue-violet light is very narrow
Section 5 Uniform Chromaticity Diagrams
Using the horseshoe-shaped XYZ graph method, basically there are still RGB data derived. In 1931, the RGB light spectrum data measured at a 2 ° angle was formulated, and the light spectrum data measured at a 10 ° angle was later. Different, especially in the blue light 450nm part, the 2 ° angle measurement shows a considerable part of the unclear signal, which is different from the 10 ° angle measurement. Since the development of the CIE 2 ° angle color measurement in 1931, the distance at 450mm is about 15mm On the other hand, the 10 ° angle at the same 450mm distance has a 77mm field of view diameter, so the 2 ° angle of view is mostly used in the image world, and the 10 ° angle is mostly used in the measurement of the color world. If you change the value of XYZ at different angles, the 2 ° viewing angle will be smoother, and the 10 ° viewing angle will be a little denser. The XY horseshoe color gamut will also have different color gamut performance. In the image world, if you want to look like a blue sky screen, 10 ° The angles are all the same color and the density is very unusual, so the 2 ° angle and the same color were adopted by the CIE 1931 viewing angle specification. Like a flowery image, the 2 ° viewing angle is too large. This is similar to the three-dimensional color and the real scene. Everyone thinks that the flat map is easy to use, but once the earth is spread out, the Arctic and Greenland are often zoomed in and look Greenland is larger than India in the equator. This squeeze and magnification effect also magnifies the yellow, red, and green parts on the XY graph, and the blue-violet domain has many defects that are compressed. Change the XY graph, it seems that the situation is much better. The color saturation of Hue hue is that the farther away from gray, gray, gray and black, the more saturated the color, the higher the saturation of Hue hue, no matter what color the children ’s toys, Hue each hue has a high saturation Colors can easily attract children's attention. We can easily find the saturation of colors in bright places. It is difficult to know whether the colors are saturated in shadows and dark places. The distance from the white point to the point where the color occurs is long, and the city shows the saturation of the color. In terms of lightness, it is sometimes quite relative. If a small light bulb and LED light are very bright in the dark night, it becomes very non-bright in the daytime. Similarly, whiteness is also closely related to the brightness and illuminance. If the illuminance is insufficient, it will not appear white. The human eye perceives the color in the three bands of PrB, the main wave distribution in 2P + r + (1/20) B, the secondary wave display in color Pr P + r-2B, and the RGB and R'G 'in the colorimeter B 'expression, CIE XYZ uses R0G0B0 to produce XY and Z lightness coordinates and color stereoscopic representation, showing a horseshoe-shaped color stereogram. The color temperature is set by scientists at high latitudes, so the D-65 feels a little bluish. This is not necessarily the same as the world average.
Section 6 Uniform Colour Spaces
Monsell's One Page Color Circle
The topography of the world is not flat, and the color gamut is also a three-dimensional structure of three-dimensional space. Moncel changed the three-dimensional color into the shape of a tree. The trunk represents a neutral color with no color. The higher the brightness, the lower the brightness of the black part. In the color "Hue" hue, in addition to the RGB three primary lights, CMY has a total of six colors, plus YR orange, GY yellow green, BG blue green, PB blue purple represents B, P purple, and PR magenta represents M, so six is ​​added color. In the upper part of the color trunk of Moncel, the higher the brightness of the color. In the "L" lightness, L = 100 represents the whitest and brightest, L = 0 represents the full black as the darkest color, and the order of lightness is 3, 7, 12, 20, 30, 43, 60, 80 geometric order, etc. The arrangement of the spacing is more appropriate. The arithmetic series of 0, 20, 30, 40 to 100 is not suitable. The color saturation change in bright colors is easy to know, and the amount of the same color in the dark part is not easy to detect. The "Chroma" chroma is the farther away from the center gray part, the higher the color chroma. CIE's LUV is presented in arithmetic progression. The Y coordinate is 0 ° red, 180 ° green and 90 ° green. It is Yellow, and the opposite angle is 270 °. It is the blue color wheel space. The L lightness value is used to generate the upper and lower three-dimensional space. △ E color difference is calculated by measuring the color difference between the measured color and the sample color in the three-dimensional space. In addition to the front and rear saturation color errors, the difference between the upper and lower brightness is also calculated in the △ E column. The other is the azimuth deviation of the △ H hue. , Become a measurement and correction tool for three-dimensional space error. The CIE LUV system is used for the additive color television system, and the CIE Lab is used for the calculation on the subtractive color textile and printing system. The lightness that forms the color calculation is the upper and lower axes of the stereo, a to a- is the red to green plane axis, b to b- is yellow to blue relative to ab-90 ° another plane axis, aa- and b to b- constitute the color A plane part of the solid cone is closer to the center point of the axis and the intersection point of the axis a0, b0, the color is less, the ash is greater, to a0, b0 represents the colorless, only the difference between the upper and lower brightness, and the sum of a0, The farther the b0 point is, the greater the chroma of the color is, and it also represents the color of different hues at different angles. There are also many mathematical calculation formulas and calculation methods involved. The instrument has certain sensitivity and stability data, but people The eye has regional compensation effects, so there are often quite different differences and changes from the instrument.
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